Sugar Accumulation

ABSTRACT

Methods and materials for modulating lysine, glucose, fructose, galactose and leucine content in plants are disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Application is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/225,903, filed Sep. 13, 2005, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/610,356, filed Sep. 14, 2004, the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This document relates to materials and methods for modulating amino acid and/or sugar content in plants.

BACKGROUND

An essential amino acid for an organism is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the organism from other available resources, and therefore must be supplied as part of its diet. Nine amino acids, including lysine and leucine, are generally regarded as essential for humans. Deficiencies of particular essential amino acids in certain major food crops have spurred efforts to improve the nutritional value of plants. One strategy to improve the nutritional value of plants relies upon traditional plant breeding methods. Another approach involves genetic manipulation of plant characteristics through the introduction of exogenous nucleic acids conferring a desirable trait.

SUMMARY

This document provides methods and materials related to modulating amino acid and/or sugar content in plants. For example, the present invention relates to materials and methods for expressing proteins that are capable of modulating the level of one or more amino acids and/or one or more sugars in plants. Modulation can include an increase relative to basal or native states (e.g., a control level). In other cases, modulation can include a decrease relative to basal or native states. In some cases, an amino acid-modulating protein can be a transcription factor. In other cases, an amino acid-modulating protein can be a cytochrome P450 protein.

In one embodiment, a method of modulating the level of at least one of lysine, glucose, fructose and galactose in a plant is provided. The method can include introducing into a plant cell an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having 80% or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO:13 amino acid sequences, where a plant produced from the plant cell has a difference in the level of at least one of lysine, glucose, fructose and galactose compared to the corresponding level in a corresponding control plant that does not comprise the isolated nucleic acid. The percent identity can be 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or greater.

In another embodiment, a method of modulating the level of leucine in a plant is provided. The method can include introducing into a plant cell an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having 80% or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, and SEQ ID NO:28, wherein a plant produced from the plant cell has a difference in the level of leucine compared to the level of leucine in a corresponding control plant that does not comprise the isolated nucleic acid. The percent identity can be 80%, 85%, 90% , 95% or greater.

In a further embodiment, a method of modulating the level of at least one of lysine, glucose, fructose, galactose and leucine in a plant is provided. The includes introducing into a plant cell: a) a first isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:1I, SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO: 13; and b) a second isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, and SEQ ID NO:28, wherein a plant produced from the plant cell has a difference in the level of at least one of lysine, glucose, fructose, galactose and leucine as compared to the corresponding level in a corresponding control plant that does not comprise the first and second isolated nucleic acids.

In another aspect, a method of producing a plant having a modulated level of at least one of lysine, glucose, fructose and galactose is provided. The method includes a) introducing into a plant cell an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having 80% or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO:13; and b) growing a plant from the plant cell. The percent identity can be 80%, 85%, 90% , 95% or greater.

In another aspect, a method of producing a plant having a modulated level of leucine is provided. The said method includes a) introducing into a plant cell an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having 80% or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, and SEQ ID NO:28; and b) growing a plant from the plant cell. The percent identity can be 80%, 85%, 90% , 95% or greater.

In a further aspect, a method of producing a plant having a modulated level of at least one of lysine, glucose, fructose, galactose and leucine is provided. The method includes a) introducing into a plant cell a first isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO:13; and a second isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, and SEQ ID NO:28; and b) growing a plant from the plant cell.

Recombinant vectors are also provided. A recombinant vector can include a described polynucleotide operably linked to a regulatory region. A regulatory region can be a promoter. A promoter can be, without limitation, a cell-specific promoter, a tissue specific promoter, a constitutive promoter or a broadly expressing promoter.

A plant or plant cell can be a member of one of the following genera: Abies, Agrostis, Allium, Alseodaphne, Anacardium, Andropogon, Arachis, Apium, Aragrostis, Ascophyllum, Asparagus, Atropa, Avena, Beilschmiedia, Brassica, Capsicum, Carthamus, Chondrus, Chicorium, Citrus, Citrullus, Cocculus, Cocos, Coffea, Corylus, Cracilaria, Croton, Crypthecodinium, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cunninghamia, Cuphea, Cynodon, Daucus, Dianthus, Duguetia, Elaeis, Enteromorpha, Euphoria, Festuca, Festulolium, Ficus, Fragaria, Fucus, Glaucium, Glycine, Gossypium, Haematococcus, Helianthus, Heterocallis, Hevea, Himanthalia, Hordeum, Hyoscyamus, Lactuca, Landolphia, Lemna, Linum, Litsea, Lolium,Lycopersicon, Lupinus, Majorana, Malus, Manihot, Medicago, Musa, Nicotiana, Odontella, Olea, Oryza, Palmaria, Panicum, Pannesetum, Papaver, Parthenium, Persea, Petunia, Phaseolus, Phleum, Phoenix, Picea, Pinus, Pistacia, Pisum, Poa, Populus sect., Porphyra, Prunus, Pseudotsuga Pyrus, Raphanus, Ricinus, Rosa, Rubus, Saccharum, Salix, Schizochytrium, Secale, Senecio, Sinapis, Solanum, Sorghum, Spinacia, Spirulina, Stephania, Triticum, Tagetes, Theobroma, Trifolium, Trigonella, Ulva, Undaria, Vaccinium, Vicia, Vigna, Vinca, Vitis, and Zea.

A plant or plant cell can be a member of one of the following species: Ananus comosus, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea, Bixa orellana, Calendula officinalis, Cinnamommum camphora, Coffea arabica, Glycine max, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium herbaceum, Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Mentha piperita, Mentha spicata, Musa paradisiaca, Oryza Sativa, Parthenium argentatum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Solanum tuberosum, Theobroma cacao, Triticum aestivum, Vitis vinifera, and Zea mays.

A plant or plant cell can be one of the following: alfalfa, amaranth, apple, beans (including kidney beans, lima beans, dry beans, green beans), broccoli, cabbage, carrot, castor bean, chick peas, cherry, clover, coffee, cotton, cottonseed, crambe, eucalyptus, flax, grape, grapefruit, lemon, lentils, lettuce, linseed, mango, melon (e.g., watermelon, cantaloupe), mustard, orange, peanut, peach, pear, peas, pepper, plum, poplar, potato, rapeseed (high erucic acid and canola), safflower, sesame, soybean, spinach, strawberry, sugarbeet, sunflower, tea, tomato, as well as monocots such as banana, barley, date palm, field corn, garlic, millet, oat, oil palm, onion, pineapple, popcorn, rice, rye, sorghum, sudangrass, sugarcane, sweet corn, switchgrass, turf grasses, wheat, fir, pine, spruce, brown seaweeds, green seaweeds, red seaweeds, and microalgae.

Plant cells are having modulated levels of one or more amino acids or sugars are also featured. In one embodiment, a plant cell can include an exogenous nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having 80% or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO:13; where expression of the exogenous nucleic acid in a plant produced from the plant cell is effective to result in a difference in the level of at least one of lysine, glucose, fructose and galactose as compared to the corresponding level in a corresponding control plant that does not comprise the exogenous nucleic acid. The percent identity can be 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or greater.

In another embodiment, a plant cell can include an exogenous nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having 80% or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, and SEQ ID NO:28, where expression of the exogenous nucleic acid in a plant produced from the plant cell is effective to result in a difference in the level of leucine as compared to the level of leucine in a corresponding control plant that does not comprise the exogenous nucleic acid. The percent identity can be 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or greater.

In a further embodiment, a plant cell can include first exogenous nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO:13, and a second exogenous nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, and SEQ ID NO:28; where expression of the first exogenous nucleic acid and the second exogenous nucleic acid in a plant produced from said plant cell is effective to result in a difference in the level of at least one of lysine, glucose, fructose, galactose and leucine as compared to the corresponding level in a corresponding control plant that does not comprise the first exogenous nucleic acid and the second exogenous nucleic acid.

Plant cells can include recombinant vectors that can include a described polynucleotide operably linked to a regulatory region. A regulatory region can be a promoter. A promoter can be, without limitation, a cell-specific promoter, a tissue specific promoter, a constitutive promoter or a broadly expressing promoter.

Transgenic plants having modulated levels of one or more amino acids or sugars are also provided. The modulation of levels of one or more amino acids can be in vegetative tissues of a transgenic plant. In one aspect, a transgenic plant can include a plant having a modulated level of at least one of lysine, glucose, fructose and galactose as compared to a corresponding control plant, the transgenic plant comprising an exogenous nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having 80% or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO:13. The percent identity can be 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or greater.

In another aspect, a transgenic plant can include a plant having a modulated level of leucine as compared to a corresponding control plant, the transgenic plant comprising an exogenous nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having 80% or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, and SEQ ID NO:28. The percent identity can be 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or greater.

In a further aspect, a transgenic plant can include a plant having a modulated level of at least one of lysine, glucose, fructose, galactose and leucine as compared to a corresponding control plant, said transgenic plant comprising a first exogenous nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO:13, and a second exogenous nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, and SEQ ID NO:28.

Transgenic plants can include recombinant vectors that can include a described polynucleotide operably linked to a regulatory region. A regulatory region can be a promoter. A promoter can be, without limitation, a cell-specific promoter, a tissue specific promoter, a constitutive promoter or a broadly expressing promoter. The modulation of levels of one or more amino acids can be in vegetative tissues of a transgenic plant.

Also provided are plant products and articles of manufacture produced from the transgenic plants. In one embodiment, methods of producing one of more amino acids e.g. lysine, leucine, and one or more sugars, e.g. glucose, fructose, and galactose are provided. The method includes extracting at least one of lysine, glucose, fructose, galactose and leucine from the transgenic plant. Such amino acids and sugars can be extracted from plant tissues, seeds or roots. In another embodiment, plant tissues are provided, including fruit and seeds.

In still another embodiment, articles of manufacture are provided. Articles of manufacture can include, without limitation, foods, food products, and extracts made from the transgenic plants including vegetative tissue and seeds. In another aspect, an article of manufacture including seeds in the appropriate packaging material is also provided.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1B is an alignment setting forth amino acid sequence of CeresClone 13832 and certain homologs or orthologs.

FIG. 2A-2F is an alignment setting forth amino acid sequences of cDNA ID 23530177 and certain homologs or orthologs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The material and methods provided herein can be used to make a plant or plant cell having a modulated level of one or more amino acids, e.g., lysine and leucine, and/or a modulated level of one or more sugars, e.g., glucose, fructose, and galactose. Thus, methods for modulating one or more amino acid and/or sugar levels in a plant are provided. Methods are also provided for producing plants and plant cells having modulated levels of one or more amino acids and/or sugars. Methods for producing plant products including seeds, oils, and roots containing modulated levels of one or more amino acids and/or sugars are further provided. Such plants may be used to produce foodstuffs having increased nutritional content, which may benefit both food producers and consumers, or can be used as sources from which to extract one or more amino acids, e.g., lysine or leucine, or one or more sugars, e.g., glucose, fructose, and galactose.

I. Polypeptides and Polynucleotides A. Polypeptides

Provided herein are amino acid-modulating polypeptides. An amino acid-modulating polypeptide can be effective for modulating the level of one or more amino acids in a plant or plant cell. Modulation in the level of an amino acid can be either an increase in the level of an amino acid or a decrease in the level of an amino acid, e.g., relative to the level in a control plant. An amino acid-modulating polypeptide can be a lysine modulating polypeptide. A lysine modulating polypeptide can also be effective, in some cases, for modulating the level of one or more sugars, for example, glucose, fructose, or galactose. In some cases, an amino acid-modulating polypeptide can be a leucine modulating polypeptide.

1. Lysine-Modulating Polypeptides.

A lysine modulating polypeptide can have the amino acid sequence of Ceres clone 13832 as set forth in FIG. 1 and in SEQ ID NO:2. Ceres clone 13832 (SEQ ID NO: 2) is predicted to be a zinc finger transcription factor. Transcription factors are a diverse class of proteins that regulate gene expression through specific DNA binding events. In particular, transcription factors are involved in the complex regulatory network of genes responsible for amino acid biosynthesis. Transcription factors include a number of characteristic structural motifs that mediate interactions with nucleic acids. Zinc finger motifs typically include one or more cysteine and histidine residues that can bind a zinc atom. Zinc finger motifs can serve as structural platforms for DNA binding.

Thus, a lysine-modulating polypeptide can be an Arabidopsis polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. Alternatively, a lysine-modulating polypeptide can be an ortholog, homolog, or variant of the polypeptide having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. A lysine-modulating polypeptide, as described herein, can have an amino acid sequence with at least 35 percent sequence identity (e.g., 35 percent, 40 percent, 45 percent, 50 percent, 55 percent, 60 percent, 65 percent, 70 percent, 80 percent, 81 percent, 82 percent, 83 percent, 84 percent, 85 percent, 86 percent, 87 percent, 88 percent, 89 percent, 90 percent, 91 percent, 92 percent, 93 percent, 94 percent, 95 percent, 96 percent, 97 percent, 98 percent, or 99 percent sequence identity) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

The alignment shown in FIG. 1 sets forth amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:2 orthologues and a consensus sequence. A consensus amino acid sequence for such orthologues was determined by aligning amino acid sequences, e.g., amino acid sequences related to SEQ ID NO:2, from a variety of species and determining the most common amino acid or type of amino acid at each position. For example, the alignment in FIG. 1 provides the amino acid sequences of CeresClone 13832 (SEQ ID NO:2), gi30102906 (SEQ ID NO:3), CeresClone: 962327 (SEQ ID NO:4), CeresClone: 1101577 (SEQ ID NO:6), gi50934425 (SEQ ID NO:7), gi40850574 (SEQ ID NO:8), gi7488772 (SEQ ID NO:9), CeresClone: 701370 (SEQ ID NO:10), gi66271037 (SEQ ID NO:11), and gi5031281 (SEQ ID NO:12). In certain cases, therefore, a lysine-modulating polypeptide can include an amino acid sequence having about 80% or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence set forth in FIG. 1, e.g., 80% or greater amino acid sequence identity to CeresClone 13832 (SEQ ID NO:2), CeresClone: 962327 (SEQ ID NO:4), CeresClone: 1101577 (SEQ ID NO:6), and CeresClone: 701370 (SEQ ID NO:10). Eighty percent sequence identity or greater can be about 82, 85, 87, 90, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% sequence identity to such a sequence.

2. Leucine-Modulating Polypeptides

A leucine modulating polypeptide can have the amino acid sequence of cDNA ID 23530177 as set forth in FIG. 2 and SEQ ID NO:15. cDNA ID 23530177 is predicted to be a cytochrome P450 protein from the CYP71B subfamily. Cytochrome P450 enzymes comprise a diverse superfamily of proteins that mediate oxidative transformations in a wide array of biosynthetic and detoxification pathways essential for plant growth and development. All P450 enzymes have a common catalytic center consisting of a heme molecule with iron coordinated to the thiolate of a conserved cysteine, as well as a common overall topology and tridimensional fold.

Thus, a leucine-modulating polypeptide can be an Arabidopsis polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15. Alternatively, a leucine-modulating polypeptide can be an ortholog, homolog, or variant of the polypeptide having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15. A leucine-modulating polypeptide, as described herein, can have an amino acid sequence with at least 35 percent sequence identity (e.g., percent, percent, 45 percent, 50 percent, 55 percent, 60 percent, 65 percent, 70 percent, 80 percent, 81 percent, 82 percent, 83 percent, 84 percent, 85 percent, 86 percent, 87 percent, 88 percent, 89 percent, 90 percent, 91 percent, 92 percent, 93 percent, 94 percent, 95 percent, 96 percent, 97 percent, 98 percent, or 99 percent sequence identity) to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15.

FIG. 2 sets forth amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:15, orthologues and a consensus sequence. A consensus amino acid sequence for such orthologues was determined by aligning amino acid sequences, e.g., amino acid sequences related to SEQ ID NO:15, from a variety of species and determining the most common amino acid or type of amino acid at each position. For example, the alignment provides the amino acid sequences of cDNA ID 23530177 (SEQ ID NO:15), gi25282608 (SEQ ID NO:16), gi11994438 (SEQ ID NO:17), gi3334659 (SEQ ID NO:18), gi37788136 (SEQ ID NO:19), gi5915841 (SEQ ID NO:20), gi17644125 (SEQ ID NO:21), gi13516750 (SEQ ID NO:23), gi1345641 (SEQ ID NO:24), gi50936051 (SEQ ID NO:25), gi46947673 (SEQ ID NO:26), gi3582021 (SEQ ID NO:27), and gi46409049 (SEQ ID NO:28). In certain cases, therefore, a leucine-modulating polypeptide can include an amino acid sequence having about 80% or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence set forth in FIG. 2, e.g. 80% or greater amino acid sequence identity to cDNA ID 23530177. Eighty percent sequence identity or greater can be about 82, 85, 87, 90, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% sequence identity to such a sequence.

The term “polypeptide” as used herein refers to a compound of two or more subunit amino acids, amino acid analogs, or other peptidomimetics, regardless of post-translational modification (e.g., phosphorylation or glycosylation). The subunits may be linked by peptide bonds or other bonds such as, for example, ester or ether bonds. The term “amino acid” refers to natural and/or unnatural or synthetic amino acids, including D/L optical isomers. Full-length proteins, analogs, mutants, and fragments thereof are encompassed by this definition.

By “isolated” or “purified” with respect to a polypeptide, it is meant that the polypeptide is separated to some extent from the cellular components with which it is normally found in nature (e.g., other polypeptides, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids). A purified polypeptide can yield a single major band on a non-reducing polyacrylamide gel. A purified polypeptide can be at least about 75% pure (e.g., at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% pure). Purified polypeptides can be obtained by, for example, extraction from a natural source, by chemical synthesis, or by recombinant production in a host cell or transgenic plant, and can be purified using, for example, affinity chromatography, immunoprecipitation, size exclusion chromatography, and ion exchange chromatography. The extent of purification can be measured using any appropriate method, including, without limitation, column chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or high-performance liquid chromatography.

Other amino acid-modulating polypeptides can be identified by functional complementation of amino acid-modulating polypeptide mutants. Suitable amino acid-modulating polypeptides also can be identified by analysis of nucleotide and polypeptide sequence alignments. For example, performing a query on a database of nucleotide or polypeptide sequences can identify other orthologs of the polypeptides having the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, and SEQ ID NO:15 Sequence analysis can involve BLAST or PSI-BLAST analysis of nonredundant databases using amino acid sequences of known amino acid-modulating polypeptides. If desired, manual inspection can be performed by selecting those candidates that appear to have domains suspected of being present in amino acid-modulating polypeptides.

Typically, conserved regions of amino acid-modulating polypeptides exhibit at least 40% amino acid sequence identity (e.g., at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% amino acid sequence identity). Conserved regions of target and template polypeptides can exhibit at least 92%, 94%, 96%, 98%, or 99% amino acid sequence identity. Amino acid sequence identity can be deduced from amino acid or nucleotide sequences. In certain cases, highly conserved domains can be identified within amino acid-modulating polypeptides. These conserved regions can be useful in identifying functionally similar polypeptides.

Domains are groups of contiguous amino acids in a polypeptide that can be used to characterize protein families and/or parts of proteins. Such domains have a “fingerprint” or “signature” that can comprise conserved (1) primary sequence, (2) secondary structure, and/or (3) three-dimensional conformation. Generally, each domain has been associated with either a conserved primary sequence or a sequence motif. Generally these conserved primary sequence motifs have been correlated with specific in vitro and/or in vivo activities. A domain can be any length, including the entirety of the polynucleotide to be transcribed.

The identification of conserved regions in a template, or subject, polypeptide can facilitate production of variants of wild type amino acid-modulating polypeptides. Conserved regions can be identified by locating a region within the primary amino acid sequence of a template polypeptide that is a repeated sequence, forms some secondary structure (e.g., helices and beta sheets), establishes positively or negatively charged domains, or represents a protein motif or domain. See, e.g., the Pfam web site describing consensus sequences for a variety of protein motifs and domains on the World Wide Web at sanger.ac.uk/Pfam/ and online at genome.wustl.edu/Pfam/. Descriptions of the information included at the Pfam database are included in Sonnhammer et al., 1998, Nucl. Acids Res. 26: 320-322; Sonnhammer et al., 1997, Proteins 28:405-420; and Bateman et al., 1999, Nucl. Acids Res. 27:260-262. From the Pfam database, consensus sequences of protein motifs and domains can be aligned with the template polypeptide sequence to determine conserved region(s).

Conserved regions also can be determined by aligning sequences of the same or related polypeptides from closely related species. Closely related species preferably are from the same family. In some embodiments, alignment of sequences from two different species is adequate. For example, sequences from Arabidopsis and Zea mays can be used to identify one or more conserved regions.

B. Polynucleotides

Also provided herein are polynucleotides that encode any of the amino acid-modulating polypeptides described previously, e.g., any of the amino acid sequences set forth in the alignments shown in FIG. 1 or 2. In some cases an isolated polynucleotide can encode a polypeptide having 80% or more sequence identity to a lysine-modulating polypeptide as set forth in FIG. 1. For example, a polynucleotide sequence encoding a lysine modulating polypeptide can have 80% or more sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1. In other cases an isolated polynucleotide can encode a polypeptide having 80% or more sequence identity to a leucine-modulating polypeptide as set forth in FIG. 2. For example, a polynucleotide sequence encoding a lysine modulating polypeptide can have 80% or more sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:14.

The terms “nucleic acid” or “polynucleotide” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to both RNA and DNA, including cDNA, genomic DNA, synthetic (e.g., chemically synthesized) DNA, and DNA (or RNA) containing nucleic acid analogs. Polynucleotides can have any three-dimensional structure. A nucleic acid can be double-stranded or single-stranded (i.e., a sense strand or an antisense single strand). Non-limiting examples of polynucleotides include genes, gene fragments, exons, introns, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, ribozymes, cDNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched polynucleotides, plasmids, vectors, isolated DNA of any sequence, isolated RNA of any sequence, nucleic acid probes, and primers, as well as nucleic acid analogs.

As used herein, “isolated,” when in reference to a nucleic acid, refers to a nucleic acid that is separated from other nucleic acids that are present in a genome, e.g., a plant genome, including nucleic acids that normally flank one or both sides of the nucleic acid in the genome. The term “isolated” as used herein with respect to nucleic acids also includes any non-naturally-occurring sequence, since such non-naturally-occurring sequences are not found in nature and do not have immediately contiguous sequences in a naturally-occurring genome.

An isolated nucleic acid can be, for example, a DNA molecule, provided one of the nucleic acid sequences normally found immediately flanking that DNA molecule in a naturally-occurring genome is removed or absent. Thus, an isolated nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA molecule that exists as a separate molecule (e.g., a chemically synthesized nucleic acid, or a cDNA or genomic DNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease treatment) independent of other sequences, as well as DNA that is incorporated into a vector, an autonomously replicating plasmid, a virus, or the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote. In addition, an isolated nucleic acid can include an engineered nucleic acid such as a DNA molecule that is part of a hybrid or fusion nucleic acid. A nucleic acid existing among hundreds to millions of other nucleic acids within, for example, cDNA libraries or genomic libraries, or gel slices containing a genomic DNA restriction digest, is not to be considered an isolated nucleic acid.

A nucleic acid can be made by, for example, chemical synthesis or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR refers to a procedure or technique in which target nucleic acids are amplified. PCR can be used to amplify specific sequences from DNA as well as RNA, including sequences from total genomic DNA or total cellular RNA.

Various PCR methods are described, for example, in PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual, Dieffenbach and Dveksler, eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1995. Generally, sequence information from the ends of the region of interest or beyond is employed to design oligonucleotide primers that are identical or similar in sequence to opposite strands of the template to be amplified. Various PCR strategies also are available by which site-specific nucleotide sequence modifications can be introduced into a template nucleic acid.

The term “exogenous” with respect to a nucleic acid indicates that the nucleic acid is part of a recombinant nucleic acid construct, or is not in its natural environment. For example, an exogenous nucleic acid can be a sequence from one species introduced into another species, i.e., a heterologous nucleic acid. Typically, such an exogenous nucleic acid is introduced into the other species via a recombinant nucleic acid construct. Examples of means by which this can be accomplished in plants are well known in the art, such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (for dicots, see Salomon et al. EMBO J. 3:141 (1984); Herrera-Estrella et al. EMBO J. 2:987 (1983); for monocots, see Escudero et al., Plant J. 10:355 (1996), Ishida et al., Nature Biotechnology 14:745 (1996), May et al., Bio/Technology 13:486 (1995)); biolistic methods (Armaleo et al., Current Genetics 17:97 1990)); electroporation; in planta techniques, and the like. Such a plant containing an exogenous nucleic acid is referred to here as a T1 plant for the primary transgenic plant, a T2 plant for the first generation, and T3, T4, etc. for second and subsequent generation plants. T2 progeny are the result of self-fertilization of a T1 plant. T3 progeny are the result of self-fertilization of a T2 plant.

An exogenous nucleic acid can also be a sequence that is native to an organism and that has been reintroduced into cells of that organism. An exogenous nucleic acid that includes a native sequence can often be distinguished from the naturally occurring sequence by the presence of non-natural sequences linked to the exogenous nucleic acid, e.g., non-native regulatory sequences flanking a native sequence in a recombinant nucleic acid construct. In addition, stably transformed exogenous nucleic acids typically are integrated at positions other than the position where the native sequence is found. It will be appreciated that an exogenous nucleic acid may have been introduced into a progenitor and not into the cell (or plant) under consideration. For example, a transgenic plant containing an exogenous nucleic acid can be the progeny of a cross between a stably transformed plant and a non-transgenic plant. Such progeny are considered to contain the exogenous nucleic acid.

As used herein, the term “percent sequence identity” refers to the degree of identity between any given query sequence and a subject sequence. A query nucleic acid or amino acid sequence is aligned to one or more subject nucleic acid or amino acid sequences using the computer program ClustalW (version 1.83, default parameters), which allows alignments of nucleic acid or protein sequences to be carried out across their entire length (global alignment).

ClustalW calculates the best match between a query and one or more subject sequences, and aligns them so that identities, similarities and differences can be determined. Gaps of one or more residues can be inserted into a query sequence, a subject sequence, or both, to maximize sequence alignments. For fast pairwise alignment of nucleic acid sequences, the following default parameters are used: word size: 2; window size: 4; scoring method: percentage; number of top diagonals: 4; and gap penalty: 5. For multiple alignment of nucleic acid sequences, the following parameters are used: gap opening penalty: 10.0; gap extension penalty: 5.0; and weight transitions: yes. For fast pairwise alignment of protein sequences, the following parameters are used: word size: 1; window size: 5; scoring method: percentage; number of top diagonals: 5; gap penalty: 3. For multiple alignment of protein sequences, the following parameters are used: weight matrix: blosum; gap opening penalty: 10.0; gap extension penalty: 0.05; hydrophilic gaps: on; hydrophilic residues: Gly, Pro, Ser, Asn, Asp, Gln, Glu, Arg, and Lys; residue-specific gap penalties: on. The output is a sequence alignment that reflects the relationship between sequences. ClustalW can be run, for example, at the Baylor College of Medicine Search Launcher site (searchlauncher.bcm.tmc.edu/multi-align/multi-align.html) and at the European Bioinformatics Institute site on the World Wide Web (ebi.ac.uk/clustalw). To determine a “percent identity” between a query sequence and a subject sequence, the number of matching bases or amino acids in the alignment is divided by the total number of matched and mismatched bases or amino acids, followed by multiplying the result by 100.

To determine a percent identity between a query sequence and a subject sequence, the number of matching bases or amino acids in the alignment is divided by the total number of matched and mismatched bases or amino acids excluding gaps, followed by multiplying the result by 100. The output is the percent identity of the subject sequence with respect to the query sequence.

To determine a percent identity between a query sequence and a subject sequence, the number of matching bases or amino acids is divided by the total number of bases or amino acids, and multiplied by 100. For example, if a query nucleotide sequence and a subject nucleotide sequence each are 500 base pairs long and have 200 matched (or identical) bases, these nucleotide sequences are 40 percent identical. If the two compared sequences are of different lengths, the number of matches is divided by the shorter of the two sequence lengths. For example, if 100 amino acids are matched between a 400 amino acid query polypeptide and a 500 amino acid subject polypeptide, these polypeptides would be 25 percent identical with respect to the query polypeptide.

It is noted that a query nucleotide or amino acid sequence that aligns with a subject sequence can result in many different lengths, with each length having its own percent identity. In addition, it is noted that the percent identity value can be rounded to the nearest tenth. For example, 78.11, 78.12, 78.13, and 78.14 is rounded down to 78.1, while 78.15, 78.16, 78.17, 78.18, and 78.19 is rounded up to 78.2. It also is noted that the length value will always be an integer.

It will be appreciated that methods described herein can utilize non-transgenic plant cells or plants that carry a mutation in an amino acid-modulating polypeptide. For example, a plant carrying a T-DNA insertion, a deletion, a transversion mutation, or a transition mutation in the coding sequence for one of the aforementioned polypeptides can affect amino acid levels.

II. Recombinant Constructs and Vectors

Recombinant constructs are also provided herein and can be used to transform plants or plant cells in order to modulate the level of one or more amino acids, e.g., lysine or leucine, and/or sugars, e.g. glucose, fructose and galactose. A recombinant nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleic acid encoding one or more amino acid-modulating polypeptides as described herein, operably linked to a regulatory region suitable for expressing the regulatory protein in the plant or cell. Thus, a nucleic acid can comprise a coding sequence that includes any of the lysine-modulating polypeptides as set forth in FIG. 1. A nucleic acid can comprise a coding sequence that includes any of the leucine-modulating polypeptides as set forth in FIG. 2.

A. Vectors

Vectors containing nucleic acids such as those described herein also are provided. A “vector” is a replicon, such as a plasmid, phage, or cosmid, into which another DNA segment may be inserted so as to bring about the replication of the inserted segment. Generally, a vector is capable of replication when associated with the proper control elements. Suitable vector backbones include, for example, those routinely used in the art such as plasmids, viruses, artificial chromosomes, BACs, YACs, or PACs. The term “vector” includes cloning and expression vectors, as well as viral vectors and integrating vectors. An “expression vector” is a vector that includes a regulatory region. Suitable expression vectors include, without limitation, plasmids and viral vectors derived from, for example, bacteriophage, baculoviruses, tobacco mosaic virus and retroviruses. Numerous vectors and expression systems are commercially available from such corporations as Novagen (Madison, Wis.), Clontech (Palo Alto, Calif.), Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.), and Invitrogen/Life Technologies (Carlsbad, Calif.).

B. Regulatory Regions

The term “regulatory region” refers to nucleotide sequences that influence transcription or translation initiation and rate, and stability and/or mobility of the transcript or polypeptide product. Regulatory regions include, without limitation, promoter sequences, enhancer sequences, response elements, protein recognition sites, inducible elements, promoter control elements, protein binding sequences, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs), transcriptional start sites, termination sequences, polyadenylation sequences, introns, and other regulatory regions that can reside within coding sequences, such as secretory signals and protease cleavage sites.

As used herein, the term “operably linked” refers to positioning of a regulatory region and a transcribable sequence in a nucleic acid so as to allow or facilitate transcription of the transcribable sequence. For example, a regulatory region is operably linked to a coding sequence when RNA polymerase is able to transcribe the coding sequence into mRNA, which then can be translated into a protein encoded by the coding sequence.

Promoters are involved in recognition and binding of RNA polymerase and other proteins to initiate and modulate transcription. To bring a coding sequence under the control of a promoter, it typically is necessary to position the translation initiation site of the translational reading frame of the polypeptide between one and about fifty nucleotides downstream of the promoter. A promoter can, however, be positioned as much as about 5,000 nucleotides upstream of the translation start site, or about 2,000 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site. A promoter typically comprises at least a core (basal) promoter. A promoter also may include at least one control element such as an upstream element. Such elements include upstream activation regions (UARs) and, optionally, other DNA sequences that affect transcription of a polynucleotide such as a synthetic upstream element. The choice of promoters to be included depends upon several factors, including, but not limited to, efficiency, selectability, inducibility, desired expression level, and cell or tissue specificity.

1. Constitutive Promoters

Constitutive promoters can promote transcription of an operably linked nucleic acid under most, but not necessarily all, environmental conditions and states of development or cell differentiation. Non-limiting examples of constitutive promoters that can be included in the nucleic acid constructs provided herein include the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S transcription initiation region, the mannopine synthase (MAS) promoter, the 1′ or 2′ promoters derived from T-DNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the figwort mosaic virus 35S promoter, actin promoters such as the rice actin promoter, promoter 32449, promoter 13879, and ubiquitin promoters such as the maize ubiquitin-1 promoter.

2. Broadly Expressing Promoters

A promoter can be said to be “broadly expressing” when it promotes transcription in many, but not all, plant tissues. For example, a broadly expressing promoter can promote transcription of an operably linked sequence in one or more of the stem, shoot, shoot tip (apex), and leaves, but can promote transcription weakly or not at all in tissues such as reproductive tissues of flowers and developing seeds. In certain cases, a broadly expressing promoter operably linked to a sequence can promote transcription of the linked sequence in a plant shoot at a level that is at least two times, e.g., at least 3, 5, 10, or 20 times, greater than the level of transcription in a developing seed. In other cases, a broadly expressing promoter can promote transcription in a plant shoot at a level that is at least two times, e.g., at least 3, 5, 10, or 20 times, greater than the level of transcription in a reproductive tissue of a flower. In view of the above, the CaMV 35S promoter is not considered a broadly expressing promoter. Non-limiting examples of broadly expressing promoters that can be included in the nucleic acid constructs provided herein include the p326, YP0158, YP0214, YP0380, PT0848, PTO633, YP0050, YP0144 and YP0190 promoters. See, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/208,308, filed Aug. 19, 2005.

Tissue-, organ- and cell-specific promoters confer transcription only or predominantly in a particular tissue, organ, and cell type, respectively. In some embodiments, promoters specific to non-seed tissues, such as vegetative tissues can be used. Vegetative tissues include the stem, parenchyma, ground meristem, vascular bundle, cambium, phloem, cortex, shoot apical meristem, lateral shoot meristem, root apical meristem, lateral root meristem, leaf primordium, leaf mesophyll, or leaf epidermis can be suitable regulatory regions.

3. Root-Specific Promoters

Root-specific promoters confer transcription only or predominantly in root tissue. Examples of root-specific promoters include the root specific subdomains of the CaMV 35S promoter (Lam et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:7890-7894 (1989)), root cell specific promoters reported by Conkling et al. Plant Physiol. 93:1203-1211 (1990), and the tobacco RD2 gene promoter.

4. Seed-Specific Promoters

In some embodiments, promoters that are essentially specific to seeds can be useful. Transcription from a seed-specific promoter occurs primarily in endosperm and cotyledon tissue during seed development. Non-limiting examples of seed-specific promoters that can be included in the nucleic acid constructs provided herein include the napin promoter, the Arcelin-5 promoter, the phaseolin gene promoter (Bustos et al., Plant Cell 1(9):839-853 (1989)), the soybean trypsin inhibitor promoter (Riggs et al., Plant Cell 1(6):609-621 (1989)), the ACP promoter (Baerson et al., Plant Mol Biol, 22(2):255-267 (1993)), the stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene (Slocombe et al., Plant Physiol 104(4):167-176 (1994)), the soybean α′ subunit of β-conglycinin promoter (Chen et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:8560-8564 (1986)), the oleosin promoter (Hong et al., Plant Mol Biol 34(3):549-555 (1997)), zein promoters such as the 15 kD zein promoter, the 16 kD zein promoter, 19 kD zein promoter, 22 kD zein promoter and 27 kD zein promoter. Also suitable are the Osgt-1 promoter from the rice glutelin-1 gene (Zheng et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 13:5829-5842 (1993)), the beta-amylase gene promoter, and the barley hordein gene promoter.

5. Non-Seed Fruit Tissue Promoters

Promoters that are active in non-seed fruit tissues can also be useful, e.g., a polygalacturonidase promoter, the banana TRX promoter, and the melon actin promoter.

6. Photosynthetically-Active Tissue Promoters

Photosynthetically-active tissue promoters confer transcription only or predominantly in photosynthetically active tissue. Examples of such promoters include the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RbcS) promoters such as the RbcS promoter from eastern larch (Larix laricina), the pine cab6 promoter (Yamamoto et al., Plant Cell Physiol. 35:773-778 (1994)), the Cab-1 gene promoter from wheat (Fejes et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 15:921-932 (1990)), the CAB-1 promoter from spinach (Lubberstedt et al., Plant Physiol. 104:997-1006 (1994)), the cab1R promoter from rice (Luan et al., Plant Cell 4:971-981 (1992)), the pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) promoter from corn (Matsuoka et al., Proc Natl Aca. Sci USA 90:9586-9590 (1993)), the tobacco Lhcb1*2 promoter (Cerdan et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 33:245-255 (1997)), the Arabidopsis thaliana SUC2 sucrose-H+ symporter promoter (Truernit et al., Planta. 196:564-570 (1995)), and thylakoid membrane protein promoters from spinach (psaD, psaF, psae, PC, FNR, atpC, atpD, cab, rbcS).

7. Basal Promoters

A basal promoter is the minimal sequence necessary for assembly of a transcription complex required for transcription initiation. Basal promoters frequently include a “TATA box” element that may be located between about 15 and about 35 nucleotides upstream from the site of transcription initiation. Basal promoters also may include a “CCAAT box” element (typically the sequence CCAAT) and/or a GGGCG sequence, which can be located between about 40 and about 200 nucleotides, typically about 60 to about 120 nucleotides, upstream from the transcription start site.

8. Other Promoters

Other classes of promoters include, but are not limited to, inducible promoters, such as promoters that confer transcription in response to external stimuli such as chemical agents, developmental stimuli, or environmental stimuli.

Other suitable promoters that may fall within one or more of the classes specified above include those set forth in U.S. Patent Application Ser. Nos. 60/505,689; 60/518,075; 60/544,771; 60/558,869; 60/583,691; 60/619,181; 60/637,140; U.S. Ser. Nos. 10/957,569; 11/058,689; 11/172,703 and PCT/US05/23639, e.g., promoters designated YP0086 (gDNA ID 7418340), YP0188 (gDNA ID 7418570), YP0263 (gDNA ID 7418658), p13879, p32449, PT0758; PT0743; PT0829; YP0096 and YP0119.

9. Other Regulatory Regions

A 5′ untranslated region (UTR) is transcribed, but is not translated, and lies between the start site of the transcript and the translation initiation codon and may include the +1 nucleotide. A 3′ UTR can be positioned between the translation termination codon and the end of the transcript. UTRs can have particular functions such as increasing mRNA message stability or translation attenuation. Examples of 3′ UTRs include, but are not limited to polyadenylation signals and transcription termination sequences.

A polyadenylation region at the 3′-end of a coding region can also be operably linked to a coding sequence. The polyadenylation region can be derived from the natural gene, from various other plant genes, or from transfer-DNA (T-DNA).

A suitable enhancer is a cis-regulatory element (−212 to −154) from the upstream region of the octopine synthase (ocs) gene. Fromm et al., The Plant Cell 1:977-984 (1989).

The vectors provided herein also can include, for example, origins of replication, scaffold attachment regions (SARs), and/or markers. A marker gene can confer a selectable phenotype on a plant cell. For example, a marker can confer, biocide resistance, such as resistance to an antibiotic (e.g., kanamycin, G418, bleomycin, or hygromycin), or an herbicide (e.g., chlorsulfuron or phosphinothricin). In addition, an expression vector can include a tag sequence designed to facilitate manipulation or detection (e.g., purification or localization) of the expressed polypeptide. Tag sequences, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), glutathione S-transferase (GST), polyhistidine, c-myc, hemagglutinin, or Flag™ tag (Kodak, New Haven, Conn.) sequences typically are expressed as a fusion with the encoded polypeptide. Such tags can be inserted anywhere within the polypeptide, including at either the carboxyl or amino terminus.

It will be understood that more than one regulatory region may be present in a recombinant polynucleotide, e.g., introns, enhancers, upstream activation regions, and inducible elements. Thus, more than one regulatory region can be operably linked to the sequence encoding an amino acid-modulating polypeptide.

III. Transgenic Plants and Host Cells A. Producing Transgenic Plants

The isolated nucleic acids, polynucleotides, and vectors provided herein can be used to transform plant cells and, if desired, generate transgenic plants. Thus, transgenic plants and plant cells containing the nucleic acids described herein also are provided, as are methods for making such transgenic plants and plant cells. A plant or plant cell can be transformed by having the construct integrated into its genome, i.e., can be stably transformed. Stably transformed cells typically retain the introduced nucleic acid sequence with each cell division. Alternatively, the plant or plant cells also can be transiently transformed such that the construct is not integrated into its genome. Transiently transformed cells typically lose some or all of the introduced nucleic acid construct with each cell division, such that the introduced nucleic acid cannot be detected in daughter cells after sufficient number of cell divisions. Both transiently transformed and stably transformed transgenic plants and plant cells can be useful in the methods described herein.

Typically, transgenic plant cells used in the methods described herein constitute part or all of a whole plant. Such plants can be grown in a manner suitable for the species under consideration, either in a growth chamber, a greenhouse, or in a field. Transgenic plants can be bred as desired for a particular purpose, e.g., to introduce a recombinant nucleic acid into other lines, to transfer a recombinant nucleic acid to other species or for further selection of other desirable traits. Alternatively, transgenic plants can be propagated vegetatively for those species amenable to such techniques. Progeny includes descendants of a particular plant or plant line. Progeny of an instant plant include seeds formed on F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 and subsequent generation plants, or seeds formed on BC1, BC2, BC3, and subsequent generation plants, or seeds formed on F1BC1, F1BC2, F1BC3, and subsequent generation plants. Seeds produced by a transgenic plant can be grown and then selfed (or outcrossed and selfed) to obtain seeds homozygous for the nucleic acid construct.

Alternatively, transgenic plant cells can be grown in suspension culture, or tissue or organ culture, for production of secondary metabolites. For the purposes of the methods provided herein, solid and/or liquid tissue culture techniques can be used. When using solid medium, transgenic plant cells can be placed directly onto the medium or can be placed onto a filter film that is then placed in contact with the medium. When using liquid medium, transgenic plant cells can be placed onto a floatation device, e.g., a porous membrane that contacts the liquid medium. Solid medium typically is made from liquid medium by adding agar. For example, a solid medium can be Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing agar and a suitable concentration of an auxin, e.g., 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and a suitable concentration of a cytokinin, e.g., kinetin.

Techniques for transforming a wide variety of higher plant species are known in the art. The polynucleotides and/or recombinant vectors described herein can be introduced into the genome of a plant host using any of a number of known methods, including electroporation, microinjection, and biolistic methods. Alternatively, polynucleotides or vectors can be combined with suitable T-DNA flanking regions and introduced into a conventional Agrobacterium tumefaciens host vector. Such Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation techniques, including disarming and use of binary vectors, are well known in the art. Other gene transfer and transformation techniques include protoplast transformation through calcium or PEG, electroporation-mediated uptake of naked DNA, electroporation of plant tissues, viral vector-mediated transformation, and microprojectile bombardment (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,880, 5,204,253, 5,591,616, and 6,329,571). If a cell or tissue culture is used as the recipient tissue for transformation, plants can be regenerated from transformed cultures using techniques known to those skilled in the art.

A transformed cell, callus, tissue, or plant can be identified and isolated by selecting or screening the engineered plant material for particular traits or activities, e.g., those encoded by marker genes or antibiotic resistance genes. Such screening and selection methodologies are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art. In addition, physical and biochemical methods can be used to identify transformants. These include Southern analysis or PCR amplification for detection of a polynucleotide; Northern blots, S1 RNase protection, primer-extension, or RT-PCR amplification for detecting RNA transcripts; enzymatic assays for detecting enzyme or ribozyme activity of polypeptides and polynucleotides; and protein gel electrophoresis, Western blots, immunoprecipitation, and enzyme-linked immunoassays to detect polypeptides. Other techniques such as in situ hybridization, enzyme staining, and immunostaining also can be used to detect the presence or expression of polypeptides and/or polynucleotides. Methods for performing all of the referenced techniques are well known. After a polynucleotide is stably incorporated into a transgenic plant, it can be introduced into other plants using, for example, standard breeding techniques.

B. Host Cells and Plants

The polynucleotides and vectors described herein can be used to transform a number of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and plant cell systems. Plants that express an amino acid-modulating polypeptide as described herein can be used to provide food or foodstuffs having an enhanced nutritional content. For example, the seeds, fruits, leaves, roots and shoots can be used to provide foods and foodstuffs having enhanced nutritional content. Such plants can be a source of flours, oils and animal feeds. In other cases the plants can be used as a source from which to extract one or more amino acids.

The polynucleotides and vectors described herein can be used to transform plants and plant systems that include dicots such as alfalfa, amaranth, apple, aspen, beans (including kidney beans, lima beans, dry beans, green beans), blackberry, blueberry, broccoli, cabbage, carnation, carrot, castor bean, celery, chick pea, chicory, chocolate, cherry, clover, coffee, cotton, cottonseed, crambe, eucalyptus, flax, grape, grapefruit, hazel nut, lemon, lentils, lettuce, linseed, lupin, mango, melon (e.g., watermelon, cantaloupe), mustard, orange, peanut, peach, pear, peas, pepper, petunia, plum, poinsettia, poplar, potato, rapeseed (high erucic acid and canola), rose, safflower, sesame, soybean, spinach, strawberry, sugarbeet, sunflower, tea, tobacco, tomato, and willow, as well as monocots such as banana, barley, bentgrass, bermuda grass, date palm, fescue, field corn, garlic, millet, oat, oil palm, onion, pineapple, popcorn, rice, rye, sorghum, sudangrass, sugarcane, sweet corn, switchgrass, turf grasses, and wheat. Gymnosperms such as fir, pine and spruce can also be suitable. Brown seaweeds, green seaweeds, red seaweeds, and microalgae also can be used. In certain embodiments, plants such as sweet corn, field corn, popcorn, banana, pineapple, canola, cotton, wheat, soybean, rice, corn, grape, coffee, cocoa, potato, tomato, lettuce, chicory, and mint are preferred.

Thus, the methods and compositions described herein can be used with dicotyledonous plants belonging, for example, to the orders Aristochiales, Asterales, Batales, Campanulales, Capparales, Caryophyllales, Casuarinales, Celastrales, Cornales, Diapensales, Dilleniales, Dipsacales, Ebenales, Ericales, Eucomiales, Euphorbiales, Fabales, Fagales, Gentianales, Geraniales, Haloragales, Hamamelidales, Illiciales, Juglandales, Lamiales, Laurales, Lecythidales, Leitneriales, Magniolales, Malvales, Myricales, Myrtales, Nymphaeales, Papeverales, Piperales, Plantaginales, Plumbaginales, Podostemales, Polemoniales, Polygalales, Polygonales, Primulales, Proteales, Rafflesiales, Ranunculales, Rhamnales, Rosales, Rubiales, Salicales, Santales, Sapindales, Sarraceniaceae, Scrophulariales, Trochodendrales, Theales, Umbellales, Urticales, and Violales. The methods and compositions described herein also can be utilized with monocotyledonous plants such as those belonging to the orders Alismatales, Arales, Arecales, Bromeliales, Commelinales, Cyclanthales, Cyperales, Eriocaulales, Hydrocharitales, Juncales, Lilliales, Najadales, Orchidales, Pandanales, Poales, Restionales, Triuridales, Typhales, Zingiberales, and with plants belonging to Gymnospermae, e.g., Pinales, Ginkgoales, Cycadales and Gnetales.

The methods and compositions can be used over a broad range of plant species, including species from the dicot genera Apium, Alseodaphne, Anacardium, Arachis, Atropa, Beilschmiedia, Brassica, Capsicum, Carthamus, Chicorium, Citrus, Citrullus, Cocculus, Cocos, Coffea, Corylus, Croton, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cuphea, Daucus, Dianthus, Duguetia, Euphoria, Ficus, Fragaria, Glaucium, Glycine, Gossypium, Helianthus, Hevea, Hyoscyamus, Lactuca, Landolphia, Linum, Litsea, Lycopersicon, Lupinus, Majorana, Malus, Manihot, Medicago, Nicotiana, Olea, Papaver, Parthenium, Persea, Petunia, Phaseolus, Pistacia, Pisum, Populus sect., Prunus, Pyrus, Raphanus, Ricinus, Rosa, Rubus, Salix, Senecio, Sinapis, Solanum, Spinacia, Stephania, Tagetes, Theobroma, Trifolium, Trigonella, Vaccinium, Vicia, Vigna, Vinca, Vitis, and the monocot genera Allium, Andropogon, Aragrostis, Asparagus, Avena, Cynodon, Elaeis, Festuca, Festulolium, Heterocallis, Hordeum, Lemna, Lolium, Musa, Oryza, Panicum, Pannesetum, Phleum, Poa, Phoenix, Saccharum, Secale, Sorghum, Triticum, and Zea; and the gymnosperm genera Abies, Cunninghamia, Picea, Pinus, and Pseudotsuga.

The methods and compositions described herein also can be used with brown seaweeds, e.g., Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus, Himanthalia elongata, and Undaria pinnatifida; red seaweeds, e.g., Porphyra umbilicalis, Palmaria palmata, Cracilaria verrucosa, and Chondrus crispus; green seaweeds, e.g., Ulva spp. and Enteromorpha spp.; and microalgae, e.g., Spirulina sp. (S. platensis and S. maxima) and Odontella aurita. In addition, the methods and compositions can be used with Crypthecodinium cohnii, Schizochytrium spp., and Haematococcus pluvialis.

In some embodiments, a plant can be from a species selected from Ananus comosus, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea, Bixa orellana, Calendula officinalis, Cinnamommum camphora, Coffea arabica, Glycine max, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium herbaceum, Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Mentha piperita, Mentha spicata, Musa paradisiaca, Oryza Sativa, Parthenium argentatum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Solanum tuberosum, Theobroma cacao, Triticum aestivum, Vitis vinifera, and Zea mays. For example, in certain embodiments, plants from the following species can be preferred: Ananus comosus, Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea, Coffea arabica, Glycine max, Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium herbaceum, Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Mentha piperita, Mentha spicata, Musa paradisiaca, Oryza Sativa, Parthenium argentatum, Solanum tuberosum, Theobroma cacao, Triticum aestivum, Vitis vinifera, and Zea mays.

In some cases, it may be desirable to produce nucleic acids and/or polypeptides described herein by recombinant production in a prokaryotic or non-plant eukaryotic host cell. To recombinantly produce polypeptides, a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide of interest can be ligated into an expression vector and used to transform a bacterial, eukaryotic, or plant host cell (e.g., insect, yeast, mammalian, or plant cells). In bacterial systems, a strain of Escherichia coli such as BL-21 can be used. Suitable E. coli vectors include the pGEX series of vectors that produce fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). Depending on the vector used, transformed E. coli are typically grown exponentially, then stimulated with isopropylthiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) prior to harvesting. In general, expressed fusion proteins are soluble and can be purified easily from lysed cells by adsorption to glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione. The pGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned target gene product can be released from the GST moiety. Alternatively, 6X His-tags can be used to facilitate isolation.

In eukaryotic animal host cells, a number of viral-based expression systems are often utilized to express polypeptides. A nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide can be cloned into, for example, a baculoviral vector such as pBlueBac (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and then used to co-transfect insect cells such as Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells with wild type DNA from Autographa californica multiply enveloped nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV). Recombinant viruses producing polypeptides of the invention can be identified by standard methodology. Mammalian cell lines that stably express polypeptides can be produced by using expression vectors with the appropriate control elements and a selectable marker. For example, the pcDNA3 eukaryotic expression vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) is suitable for expression of polypeptides in cells such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, COS-1 cells, human embryonic kidney 293 cells, NIH3T3 cells, BHK21 cells, MDCK cells, ST cells, PK15 cells, or human vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC). In some instances, the pcDNA3 vector can be used to express a polypeptide in BHK21 cells, where the vector includes a CMV promoter and a G418 antibiotic resistance gene. Following introduction of the expression vector, stable cell lines can be selected, e.g., by antibiotic resistance to G418, kanamycin, or hygromycin. Alternatively, amplified sequences can be ligated into a mammalian expression vector such as pcDNA3 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) and then transcribed and translated in vitro using wheat germ extract or rabbit reticulocyte lysate.

C. Plants with Modulated Amino Acid and/or Sugar Levels.

Transgenic plants (or plant cells) can have an altered amino acid and/or sugar levels as compared to those in a corresponding control plant (or plant cell) that either lacks the transgene or does not express the transgene. An amino acid-modulating polypeptide can affect the amino acid and/or sugar level of a plant (e.g., a transgenic plant) when expressed in the plant, e.g., at the appropriate time(s), in the appropriate tissue(s), or at the appropriate expression levels. Amino acid and sugar levels can be evaluated relative to a control plant that does not express the exogenous polynucleotide of interest, such as a corresponding wild type plant, a corresponding plant that is not transgenic for the exogenous polynucleotide of interest but otherwise is of the same genetic background as the transgenic plant of interest, or a corresponding plant of the same genetic background in which expression of the polypeptide is suppressed, inhibited, or not induced (e.g., where expression is under the control of an inducible promoter). A plant can be said “not to express” a polypeptide when the plant exhibits less than 10% (e.g., less than 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.01%, or 0.001%) of the amount of polypeptide or mRNA encoding the polypeptide exhibited by the plant of interest. Expression can be evaluated using methods including, for example, RT-PCR, Northern blots, S1 RNAse protection, primer extensions, Western blots, protein gel electrophoresis, immunoprecipitation, enzyme-linked immunoassays, chip assays, and mass spectrometry. It should be noted that if a polypeptide is expressed under the control of a tissue-specific or broadly expressing promoter, expression can be evaluated in the entire plant or in a selected tissue. Similarly, if a polypeptide is expressed at a particular time, e.g., at a particular time in development or upon induction, expression can be evaluated selectively at a desired time period.

As described previously, the polynucleotides, recombinant vectors, host cells, and transgenic plants described herein can be engineered to yield overexpression of a polypeptide of interest. Overexpression of the polypeptides provided herein can be used to alter amino acid and/or sugar levels in a transgenic plant relative to a control plant not expressing the polypeptides. Overexpression of a lysine-modulating polypeptide, for example, can increase levels of lysine and sugars including glucose, fructose and galactose. In contrast, overexpression of a leucine-modulating polypeptide for example, can decrease levels of leucine.

In some embodiments, a plant in which expression of a lysine-modulating polypeptide is modulated can have increased levels of lysine. For example, a lysine-modulating polypeptide described herein can be expressed in a transgenic plant, resulting in increased levels of lysine. The lysine level can be increased by at least 5 percent (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, or more than 400 percent) as compared to the lysine level in a corresponding control plant that does not express the transgene. In some embodiments, a plant in which expression of a lysine-modulating polypeptide is modulated can have increased levels of seed lysine. The seed lysine level can be increased by at least 5 percent (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 98, 99, or 100 percent) as compared to the seed lysine level in a corresponding control plant that does not express the transgene. A plant in which expression of a lysine-modulating polypeptide is modulated can also have increased levels of one or more sugars, for example, glucose, sucrose and galactose. A sugar level can be increased by at least 5 percent (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 700 or more than 700 percent) as compared to the sugar level in a corresponding control plant that does not express the transgene.

Alternatively, the polynucleotides and recombinant vectors described herein can be used to suppress or inhibit expression of a leucine modulating-polypeptide in a plant species of interest. For example, inhibition or suppression of transcription or translation of a leucine-modulating polypeptide may yield plants having increased leucine levels relative to control plants.

A number of nucleic-acid based methods, including anti-sense RNA, ribozyme directed RNA cleavage, and interfering RNA (RNAi) can be used to inhibit protein expression in plants. Antisense technology is one well-known method. In this method, a nucleic acid segment from the endogenous gene is cloned and operably linked to a promoter so that the antisense strand of RNA is transcribed. The recombinant vector is then transformed into plants, as described above, and the antisense strand of RNA is produced. The nucleic acid segment need not be the entire sequence of the endogenous gene to be repressed, but typically will be substantially identical to at least a portion of the endogenous gene to be repressed. Generally, higher homology can be used to compensate for the use of a shorter sequence. Typically, a sequence of at least 30 nucleotides is used (e.g., at least 40, 50, 80, 100, 200, 500 nucleotides or more).

Thus, for example, an isolated nucleic acid provided herein can be an antisense nucleic acid to one of the aforementioned nucleic acids encoding a leucine-modulating polypeptide, e.g., the leucine-modulating polypeptide orthologs set forth in FIG. 2. A nucleic acid that decreases the level of a transcription or translation product of a gene encoding a leucine-modulating polypeptide is transcribed into an antisense nucleic acid similar or identical to the sense coding sequence of an orthologue, homologue or variant, e.g. SEQ ID NO:15. Alternatively, the transcription product of an isolated nucleic acid can be similar or identical to the sense coding sequence of a leucine-modulating polypeptide, but is an RNA that is unpolyadenylated, lacks a 5′ cap structure, or contains an unsplicable intron.

In another method, a nucleic acid can be transcribed into a ribozyme, or catalytic RNA, that affects expression of an mRNA. (See, U.S. Pat. No. 6,423,885). Ribozymes can be designed to specifically pair with virtually any target RNA and cleave the phosphodiester backbone at a specific location, thereby functionally inactivating the target RNA. Heterologous nucleic acids can encode ribozymes designed to cleave particular mRNA transcripts, thus preventing expression of a polypeptide. Hammerhead ribozymes are useful for destroying particular mRNAs, although various ribozymes that cleave mRNA at site-specific recognition sequences can be used. Hammerhead ribozymes cleave mRNAs at locations dictated by flanking regions that form complementary base pairs with the target mRNA. The sole requirement is that the target RNA contain a 5′-UG-3′ nucleotide sequence. The construction and production of hammerhead ribozymes is known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,678 and WO 02/46449 and references cited therein. Hammerhead ribozyme sequences can be embedded in a stable RNA such as a transfer RNA (tRNA) to increase cleavage efficiency in vivo. Perriman, R. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92(13):6175-6179 (1995); de Feyter, R. and Gaudron, J., Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 74, Chapter 43, “Expressing Ribozymes in Plants”, Edited by Turner, P. C, Humana Press Inc., Totowa, N.J. RNA endoribonucleases such as the one that occurs naturally in Tetrahymena thermophila, and which have been described extensively by Cech and collaborators can be useful. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071.

Methods based on RNA interference (RNAi) can be used. RNA interference is a cellular mechanism to regulate the expression of genes and the replication of viruses. This mechanism is thought to be mediated by double-stranded small interfering RNA molecules. A cell responds to such a double-stranded RNA by destroying endogenous mRNA having the same sequence as the double-stranded RNA. Methods for designing and preparing interfering RNAs are known to those of skill in the art; see, e.g., WO 99/32619 and WO 01/75164. For example, a construct can be prepared that includes a sequence that is transcribed into an interfering RNA. Such an RNA can be one that can anneal to itself, e.g., a double stranded RNA having a stem-loop structure. One strand of the stem portion of a double stranded RNA comprises a sequence that is similar or identical to the sense coding sequence of the polypeptide of interest, and that is from about 10 nucleotides to about 2,500 nucleotides in length. The length of the sequence that is similar or identical to the sense coding sequence can be from 10 nucleotides to 500 nucleotides, from 15 nucleotides to 300 nucleotides, from 20 nucleotides to 100 nucleotides, or from 25 nucleotides to 100 nucleotides. The other strand of the stem portion of a double stranded RNA comprises an antisense sequence of the leucine-modulating polypeptide of interest, and can have a length that is shorter, the same as, or longer than the corresponding length of the sense sequence. The loop portion of a double stranded RNA can be from 10 nucleotides to 5,000 nucleotides, e.g., from 15 nucleotides to 1,000 nucleotides, from 20 nucleotides to 500 nucleotides, or from 25 nucleotides to 200 nucleotides. The loop portion of the RNA can include an intron. See, e.g., WO 99/53050.

In some nucleic-acid based methods for inhibition of gene expression in plants, a suitable nucleic acid can be a nucleic acid analog. Nucleic acid analogs can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone to improve, for example, stability, hybridization, or solubility of the nucleic acid. Modifications at the base moiety include deoxyuridine for deoxythymidine, and 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine and 5-bromo-2′-deoxycytidine for deoxycytidine. Modifications of the sugar moiety include modification of the 2′ hydroxyl of the ribose sugar to form 2′-O-methyl or 2′-O-allyl sugars. The deoxyribose phosphate backbone can be modified to produce morpholino nucleic acids, in which each base moiety is linked to a six membered, morpholino ring, or peptide nucleic acids, in which the deoxyphosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptide backbone and the four bases are retained. See, for example, Summerton and Weller, 1997, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 7: 187-195; Hyrup et al., 1996, Bioorgan. Med. Chem., 4: 5-23. In addition, the deoxyphosphate backbone can be replaced with, for example, a phosphorothioate or phosphorodithioate backbone, a phosphoroamidite, or an alkyl phosphotriester backbone.

In some embodiments, a plant in which expression of a leucine-modulating polypeptide is modulated can have increased or decreased levels of leucine in one or more non-seed tissues. For example, a plant in which expression of a leucine-modulating polypeptide is modulated can have decreased levels of leucine in one or more non-seed tissues. The leucine level can be decreased by at least 5 percent (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 98, 99, or 100 percent) as compared to the leucine level in a corresponding control plant that does not express the transgene.

The decrease in the amount of leucine can be restricted in some embodiments to particular tissues and/or organs, relative to other tissues and/or organs. For example, a transgenic plant can have an decreased amount of leucine in fruit tissue relative to leaf or root tissue.

Typically, a difference (e.g., an increase or decrease) in the amount of an amino acid or sugar in a transgenic plant or cell relative to a control plant or cell is considered statistically significant at p≦0.05 with an appropriate parametric or non-parametric statistic, e.g., Chi-square test, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test, or F-test. In some embodiments, a difference in the amount of an amino acid is statistically significant at p<0.01, p<0.005, or p<0.001. A statistically significant difference in, for example, the amount of an amino acid in a transgenic plant compared to the amount in cells of a control plant indicates that (1) the recombinant nucleic acid present in the transgenic plant results in altered amino acid levels and/or (2) the recombinant nucleic acid warrants further study as a candidate for altering the amount of amino acid in a plant. The amount of an amino acid or sugar in a transgenic plant or plant cell can be determined by known techniques, e.g., by extraction of amino acids and/or sugars followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). If desired, the structure of the amino acid or sugar can be confirmed by GC-MS, LC-MS, nuclear magnetic resonance and/or other known techniques.

IV. Methods of Producing Amino Acids and Sugars

Also provided are methods for producing amino acids and sugars. Such methods can include growing a plant cell that includes a nucleic acid encoding an amino acid-modulating protein as described herein, under conditions effective for the expression of the amino acid-modulating protein. Also provided herein are methods for modulating (e.g., altering, increasing, or decreasing) the amounts of one or more amino acids and sugars in a plant cell. The methods can include growing a plant cell as described above, i.e., a plant cell that includes a nucleic acid encoding an amino acid-modulating protein as described herein. The one or more amino acids or sugars produced by these methods can be novel amino acids or sugars, e.g., not normally produced in a wild-type plant cell.

The methods can further include the step of recovering one or more amino acids or sugars from the cells. For example, plant cells known or suspected of producing one or amino acids or sugars can be subjected to fractionation to recover a desired amino acid or sugar. Typically, fractionation is guided by in vitro assay of fractions. In some instances, cells containing one or more amino acids or sugars can be separated from cells not containing, or containing lower amounts of the amino acids or sugars, in order to enrich for cells or cell types that contain the desired amino acids or sugars. A number of methods for separating particular cell types or tissues are known to those having ordinary skill in the art.

V Articles of Manufacture: Seeds, Plant Products, and Plant Tissues

Also provided herein are articles of manufacture that comprise seeds from transgenic plants provided herein. The seeds can be conditioned using means known in the art and packaged using packaging material well known in the art to prepare an article of manufacture. A package of seed can have a label e.g., a tag or label secured to the packaging material, a label printed on the packaging material or a label inserted within the package. The label can indicate that plants grown from the seeds contained within the package can produce a crop having an altered level of lysine and/or one or more sugars, for example, glucose, fructose and galactose, or an altered level of leucine relative to corresponding control plants.

Articles of manufacture can also include products derived from any of the transgenic plants described herein. For example, a flour, extract, or foodstuff can be derived from one or more tissues or organs of the transgenic plants described herein. Such products may have modulated levels of any one of the amino acids, e.g., lysine or leucine, or any sugar, e.g. glucose, fructose, or galactose. In some cases, the level of an amino acid or sugar may be increased relative to products derived from control plants. In some cases the level of an amino acid or sugar may be decreased relative to products derived from control plants.

The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

Examples Example 1 Generation of Plants Containing a 35S::23530177 Construct

The following symbols are used in the Examples: T1: first generation transformant; T2: second generation, progeny of self-pollinated T1 plants; T3: third generation, progeny of self-pollinated T2 plants; T4: fourth generation, progeny of self-pollinated T3 plants.

cDNA ID 23530177 (SEQ ID NO: 14) is predicted to encode a cytochrome P450 protein from the CYP71B22 subfamily. T-DNA binary vector constructs were made using standard molecular biology techniques. A recombinant DNA construct for ectopic expression was made by operably linking a cDNA corresponding to cDNA ID 23530177 (SEQ ID NO: 14) in the sense orientation to a CaMV 35S promoter in a Ti plasmid vector. The Ti plasmid vector used for this construct, CRS 338, contains a plant selectable marker gene phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) which confers resistance to the herbicide Finale®. The resulting construct was designated CERES15218307. The construct was then introduced into Arabidopsis ecotype Wassilewskija (WS) by the floral dip method essentially as described in Bechtold, N. et al., C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 316:1194-1199 (1993). Ten independently transformed events were selected. Plants from these events were designated as ME04600 events. Control plants contained a construct having the Finale® marker gene but lacking the cDNA ID 23530177 (SEQ ID NO: 14)coding sequence. The physical appearance of the ten selected T1 plants was identical to that of the controls.

The T1 plants were allowed to self-pollinate. T2 seeds were collected and a portion were germinated, allowed to self-pollinate, and T3 seeds were collected. T2 and T3 seeds of the Arabidopsis thaliana ME04600 screening events were planted in soil comprising Sunshine LP5 Mix and Thermorock Vermiculite Medium #3 at a ratio of 60:40, respectively. The seeds were stratified at 4° C. for approximately two to three days. After stratification, the seeds were transferred to the greenhouse and covered with a plastic dome and tarp until most of the seeds had germinated. Plants were grown under long day conditions. Approximately seven to ten days post-germination, plants were sprayed with Finale® herbicide to confirm that the plants were transgenic for the Finale® marker.

Example 2 Analysis of Leucine Content in Arabidopsis ME04600 Lines

Tissues from ME04600 plants were analyzed for alterations in the levels of amino acids, fatty acids, sugar alcohols, sugars, sterols and other metabolites. Metabolic profiling by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed for ME04600 events in two screens: a primary screen for masterpools (T2 seed stocks containing a mixture of all ten events) and a confirmation screen for individual T2 and T3 events of ME04600 lines. In both screens, ME04600 lines were grown in the greenhouse. Aerial tissues were harvested at 10 days post-bolting from four randomly chosen Finale® resistant plants of each masterpool or individual event. The tissues were pooled and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Frozen tissues were stored at −80° C., subsequently lyophilized for 72 hours, and were crushed into a fine powder.

For GC-MS analysis, the resulting fine powder was sequentially extracted using methanol and dichloromethane. The polar phases were derivatized using methoxyamine and N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA). Only the aqueous phase was used in the analyses. Derivatized extracts were injected into a Shimadzu GC-MS QP-2010. Data were analyzed using Shimadzu GC-MS Solutions software. Target ion peak areas were integrated after identity confirmation using retention time standards and reference ion peak ratios. The target ion peak areas were normalized with respect to the internal standard and compared to the control sample. Ribitol was used as the polar phase internal standard (ISTD). Target peak areas were integrated and the values exported to Excel. All areas were normalized with respect to the internal standard and the initial weight of the sample. All experimental samples were normalized with respect to the control. The levels of thirty-two aerial tissue metabolites analyzed by GC-MS are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Compound Compound Class Compound Compound Class Ribitol (ISTD) Sugar trans-Cinnamic Acid Phenylpropanoid Alcohol (ISTD) L-Alanine Amino Acid L-Phenylalanine Amino Acid L-Valine Amino Acid L-Asparagine Amino Acid L-Glycine Amino Acid Fructose (peak 1) Sugar L-Leucine Amino Acid Galactose (peak 1) Sugar L-Isoleucine Amino Acid Glucose (peak 1) Sugar L-Serine Amino Acid L-Lysine Amino Acid L-Proline Amino Acid 3-Coumaric Acid Phenylpropanoid L-Threonine Amino Acid L-Histidine Amino Acid Homoserine Amino Acid Coniferyl Alcohol Phenylpropanoid L-Aspartic Acid Amino Acid Caffeic Acid Phenylpropanoid L-Methionine Amino Acid Ferrulic Acid Phenylpropanoid L-Cysteine Amino Acid L-Tryptophan Amino Acid diTMS Arabinose Sugar Sinapinic Acid Phenylpropanoid (peak 1) L-Glutamic Acid Amino Acid Sucrose Sugar L-Glutamine Amino Acid Raffinose Sugar

Tissue from the ME04600 masterpool showed a 75% decrease in leucine levels relative to those detected in the corresponding transgenic controls. A calibration curve prepared with a known concentrations of a leucine standard was used to confirm that all leucine measurements on plant tissues were within the linear range of detection by GC-MS. Analyses of four T2 plants in the confirmation screen showed that Events −01 and −04 had statistically significant decreases in leucine levels (38% and 27%, respectively) compared to the transgenic controls. Analyses of T3 plants from Events −01, −02, −03 and −04 showed that Events −01 and −04 also had statistically significant decreases in leucine levels (26% and 42%, respectively) when compared to the transgenic controls. Table 2 below summarizes the results for T2 and T3 individual plants.

TABLE 2 Leucine Levels (% Control) in ME04600 T₂ and T₃ Generations ME04600- 01 ME04600-02 ME04600-03 ME04600-04 Control T₂ 62 ± 3 131 ± 12 92 ± 10 73 ± 9 100 ± 9 p-value <0.01 0.06 0.25 <0.01 NA T₃ 74 ± 7 93 ± 7 80 ± 10 58 ± 8 100 ± 9 p-value <0.01 0.20 0.01 <0.01 NA

Isoleucine levels were also found to be decreased in plants ME04600-01 and ME04600-04. These decreases, however, were not significant to a p-value of less than 0.05 in two events over two generations. Of the other 30 compounds measured by this method, none showed significant changes in two events over two generations. Overall visual comparisons of the chromatograms did not indicate any other statistically significant changes in the metabolite profile.

T2 plants of plants ME04600-01 and ME04600-04 exhibited no statistically significant differences in germination rate, general morphology/architecture, days to flowering, rosette area 7 days post-bolting, or fertility (silique number and seed fill), when compared to the transgenic controls.

Example 3 Generation of Plants Containing a 35S::12323707 Construct

cDNA 12323707 (SEQ ID NO:1) is predicted to encode a zinc finger transcription factor. Arabidopsis Wassilewskija (WS) plants were transformed with a Ti plasmid containing a nucleic acid designated cDNA ID 12323707 (SEQ ID NO:1) operably linked in the sense orientation relative to the CaMV 35S constitutive promoter according to the protocol in Example 1. Ten independently transformed events were selected. Plants from these events were designated as ME06384 events. The physical appearance of the ten selected T1 plants was identical to that of the controls. T1 plants were allowed to self-pollinate and T2 seeds were collected. A portion of the T2 seeds was germinated, allowed to self pollinate and T3 seeds were collected. T2 and T3 seeds of the ME06384 plants were planted and grown as described in Example 1 to confirm that the plants were transgenic for the Finale® marker.

Example 4 Analysis of Lysine Content in Arabidopsis ME06384 Events

Approximately ten days post-bolting, aerial tissues from Finale®-resistant T2 plants of each ME06384 event were analyzed for alterations in the levels of amino acids, fatty acids, sugar alcohols, sugars, sterols and other metabolites according to the protocol in Example 2. In addition, four T2 plants were allowed to self-pollinate, and mature seeds were collected and pooled. Aerial tissues from Finale®-resistant T3 plants were analyzed as in Example 2. Metabolites were extracted from pooled seeds and analysed using a commercially available kit, EZ:FAAST (Phenomenex, Torrence, Calif.).

For aerial tissues, analyses of four T2 plants indicated that plants −01, −03, −04, −05 had significant increases of 31%, 72%, 74% and 93%, respectively, in lysine levels as shown in Table 3. Significant increases in lysine levels were also observed for aerial tissues in the T3 generation, with plants 01, −03, −04, −05 having increases of 141%, 52%, 106% and 92%, respectively, in lysine levels. In T3 seeds, lysine content was also elevated relative to those from control plants in the T2 generation (data not shown).

TABLE 3 Lysine Increase (Fold Increase) in ME06384 T₂ and T₃ Generation ME06384-01 ME06384-02 ME06384-03 ME06384-04 ME06384-05 Control T₂ 1.31 ± 0.22 1.02 ± 0.8  1.72 ± 0.13 1.75 ± 0.18 1.93 ± 0.22 1.00 ± 0.06 p-value 0.13 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 N/A T₃ 2.41 ± 0.37 1.92 ± 0.64 1.52 ± 0.04 2.06 ± 0.08 1.92 ± 0.23   1 ± 0.25 p-value <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 N/A

TABLE 4 Lysine Levels (% Control) in Seeds from ME06384 T₂ Plants ME06384-01 ME06384-03 ME06384-04 ME06384-05 Control T₃ 122.3 ± 22.5 157.4 ± 4.2 156.1 ± 50.1 154.6 ± 8.3 100 ± 15.5 p- 0.07 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 N/A value

Example 5 Analysis of Sugar Content in Arabidopsis ME06384 Events

Aerial tissues from ME06384 plants were analyzed for sugar content as described in Example 4. Aerial tissues from the T2 generation of ME06384 plants had significantly elevated levels of the sugars, glucose, fructose and galactose. The results of the sugar analyses are shown in Tables 5, 6, and 7. Glucose levels were increased by about 1.76, 2.42. 2.23, 1.53, and 1.93-fold in plants ME06384-01, 02, 03, 04, and 05, respectively, in aerial tissues from T2 plants. Fructose levels were increased by about 1.73, 3.87, 4.16, 2.37 and 2.25-fold in plants ME06384-01, 02, 03, 04, and 05, respectively, in aerial tissues from T2 plants. Galactose levels were increased by about 1.76, 2.42, 2.23, 1.53, and 1.93-fold in plants ME06384-01, 02, 03, 04, and 05, respectively, in aerial tissues from T2 plants. A slight increase, which was not statistically significant, was observed for glucose, fructose and galactose in the T3 generation.

TABLE 5 Glucose Increase (Fold Increase) in ME06384 T₂ and T₃ Generation ME06384-01 ME06384-02 ME06384-03 ME06384-04 ME06384-05 Control T₂ 1.76 ± 0.14 2.42 ± 0.63 2.23 ± 0.08 1.53 ± 0.56 1.93 ± 0.12 1.00 ± 0.1 p-value <0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.18 <0.01 N/A T₃ 1.12 ± 0.07 1.05 ± 0.03 1.03 ± 0.02 1.05 ± 0.03 1.04 ± 0.02  1 ± 0.1 p-value 0.05 0.22 0.4 0.23   0.31 N/A

TABLE 6 Fructose Increase (Fold Increase) in ME06384 T₂ and T₃ Generation ME06384-01 ME06384-02 ME06384-03 ME06384-04 ME06384-05 Control T₂ 1.73 ± 0.28 3.87 ± 0.17 4.16 ± 0.46 2.37 ± 0.07 2.25 ± 0.15 1.00 ± 0.09 p-value 0.08 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 N/A T₃ 1.07 ± 0.07 1.07 ± 0.04 1.08 ± 0.05 1.09 ± 0.05 1.02 ± 0.05   1 ± 0.13 p-value 0.26   0.23   0.22   0.18 0.5 N/A

TABLE 7 Galactose Increase (Fold Increase) in ME06384 T₂ and T₃ Generation ME06384-01 ME06384-02 ME06384-03 ME06384-04 ME06384-05 Control T₂  2.2 ± 0.23 3.76 ± 0.21 4.09 ± 0.49 2.71 ± 0.23 3.13 ± 0.09 1.00 ± 0.15 p-value <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 N/A T₃ 1.11 ± 0.04 1.22 ± 0.03 1.16 ± 0.06 1.14 ± 0.09 1.05 ± 0.03   1 ± 0.22 p-value   0.26   0.07   0.16   0.18   0.47 N/A

Example 6 Determination of Ortholog/Functional Homolog Sequences

A subject sequence was considered a functional homolog and/or ortholog of a query sequence if the subject and query sequences encode proteins having a similar function and/or activity. A process known as Reciprocal BLAST (Rivera et al, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA ,1998, 95:6239-6244) was used to identify potential functional homolog and/or ortholog sequences from databases consisting of all available public and proprietary peptide sequences, including NR from NCBI and peptide translations from Ceres clones.

Before starting a Reciprocal BLAST process, a specific query polypeptide was searched against all peptides from its source species using BLAST in order to identify polypeptides having sequence identity of 80% or greater to the query polypeptide and an alignment length of 85% or greater along the shorter sequence in the alignment. The query polypeptide and any of the aforementioned identified polypeptides were designated as a cluster.

The main Reciprocal BLAST process consists of two rounds of BLAST searches; forward search and reverse search. In the forward search step, a query polypeptide sequence, “polypeptide A,” from source species S^(A) was BLASTed against all protein sequences from a species of interest. Top hits were determined using an E-value cutoff of 10⁻⁵ and an identity cutoff of 35%. Among the top hits, the sequence having the lowest E-value was designated as the best hit, and considered a potential functional homolog and/or ortholog. Any other top hit that had a sequence identity of 80% or greater to the best hit or to the original query polypeptide was considered a potential functional homolog and/or ortholog as well. This process was repeated for all species of interest.

In the reverse search round, the top hits identified in the forward search from all species were BLASTed against all protein sequences from the source species S^(A). A top hit from the forward search that returned a polypeptide from the aforementioned cluster as its best hit was also considered as a potential functional homolog and/or ortholog.

Functional homologs and/or orthologs were identified by manual inspection of potential functional homolog and/or ortholog sequences. Representative functional homologs and/or orthologs for SEQ ID NO: 2 are shown in FIG. 1 and percent identities are shown below in Table 8. Representative functional homologs and/or orthologs for SEQ ID NO: 15 are shown in FIG. 2 and percent identities are shown below in Table 9.

TABLE 8 Percent identity to CeresClone 13832 (SEQ ID NO: 2) SEQ ID % Designation Species NO: Identity e-value gi|30102906 Arabidopsis 3 98.86 4.90E−98 thaliana CeresClone: 962327 Brassica napus 4 65.73 5.40E−60 CeresClone: 1101577 Glycine max 6 43.98 3.10E−41 gi|50934425 Oryza sativa 7 43.67 8.90E−35 (japonica) gi|7488772 Phaseolus vulgaris 9 42.98 2.80E−24 gi|40850574 Musa acuminata 8 42.98 2.10E−26 CeresClone: 701370 Triticum aestivum 10 41.24 6.30E−34 gi|66271037 Gossypium hirsutum 11 38.97 7.10E−26 gi|5031281 Prunus armeniaca 12 36.84 4.10E−30

TABLE 9 Percent identity to cDNA ID 23530177 (SEQ ID NO: 15) SEQ ID Designation Species NO: % Identity e-value gi|11994438 Arabidopsis thaliana 17 88.35 1.50E−248 gi|17644125 Musa acuminata 21 45.6 1.20E−115 gi|25282608 Persea americana 16 44.02 3.00E−117 gi|1345641 Thlaspi arvense 24 43.49 9.80E−119 gi|5915841 Sorghum bicolor 20 43.28 1.10E−119 gi|3334659 Glycine max 18 42.89 1.20E−111 gi|46947673 Ammi majus 26 41.92 6.90E−102 gi|13516750 Asparagus officinalis 23 41.72 1.10E−112 gi|3582021 Nepeta racemosa 27 41.57 2.40E−106 gi|50936051 Oryza sativa 25 39.88 6.70E−104 gi|46409049 Muscari armeniacum 28 39.8 3.00E−101 gi|37788136 Manihot esculenta 19 39.48 3.50E−107

A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. 

1. A plant comprising an exogenous nucleic acid, said exogenous nucleic acid comprising a regulatory region operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 80 percent or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO:13, wherein said plant has a difference in the level of at least one of lysine, glucose, fructose, and galactose compared to the corresponding level in a control plant that does not comprise said exogenous nucleic acid.
 2. The plant of claim 1 wherein said amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, or SEQ ID NO:10.
 3. A plant comprising an exogenous nucleic acid, said exogenous nucleic acid comprising a regulatory region operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 80% or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, and SEQ ID NO:28, wherein said plant has a difference in the level of leucine compared to the level of leucine in a control plant that does not comprise said exogenous nucleic acid.
 4. The plant of claim 3, wherein said amino acid is SEQ ID NO:15.
 5. A plant comprising an exogenous nucleic acid, wherein said exogenous nucleic acid comprises a regulatory region operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO:13; and a second exogenous nucleic acid comprising a regulatory region operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, and SEQ ID NO:28, wherein said plant has a difference in the level of at least one of lysine, glucose, fructose, galactose and leucine as compared to the corresponding level in a control plant that does not comprise said first and said second exogenous nucleic acids.
 6. The plant of claim 1, 3, or 5, wherein said sequence identity is greater than 85%.
 7. The plant of claim 6, wherein said sequence identity is greater than 90%.
 8. The plant of claim 7, wherein said sequence identity is greater than 95%.
 9. The plant of claim 1, 3, or 5, wherein said difference is an increase.
 10. The plant of claim 1, 3, or 5, wherein said difference is a decrease.
 11. The plant of claim 1, 3, or 5, wherein said regulatory region is a promoter.
 12. The plant of claim 11, wherein said promoter is a cell-specific or tissue-specific promoter.
 13. The plant of claim 12, wherein said promoter is a broadly expressing promoter.
 14. The plant of claim 13, wherein said broadly expressing promoter is selected from the group consisting of the p326, YP0158, YP0214, YP0380, PT0848, PT0633, YP0050, YP0144 and YP0190 promoters.
 15. The plant of claim 12, wherein said tissue-specific promoter is a seed-specific promoter.
 16. The plant of claim 15, wherein said seed-specific promoter is selected from the group consisting of the napin promoter, the Arcelin-5 promoter, the phaseolin gene promoter, the soybean trypsin inhibitor promoter, the ACP promoter, the stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene promoter, the soybean α′ subunit of β-conglycinin promoter, the oleosin promoter, the 15 kD zein promoter, the 16 kD zein promoter, the 19 kD zein promoter, the 22 kD zein promoter, the 27 kD zein promoter, the Osgt-1 promoter, the beta-amylase gene promoter, and the barley hordein gene promoter.
 17. The plant of claim 12, wherein said promoter is a vegetative tissue specific promoter.
 18. The plant of claim 12, wherein said promoter is a fruit specific promoter.
 19. The plant of claim 11, wherein said promoter is an inducible promoter.
 20. The plant of claim 1, 3, or 5, wherein said plant is from a genus selected from the group consisting of Abies, Agrostis, Allium, Alseodaphne, Anacardium, Andropogon, Arachis, Apium, Aragrostis, Ascophyllum, Asparagus, Atropa, Avena, Beilschmiedia, Brassica, Capsicum, Carthamus, Chondrus, Chicorium, Citrus, Citrullus, Cocculus, Cocos, Coffea, Corylus, Cracilaria, Croton, Crypthecodinium, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cunninghamia, Cuphea, Cynodon, Daucus, Dianthus, Duguetia, Elaeis, Enteromorpha, Euphoria, Festuca, Festulolium, Ficus, Fragaria, Fucus, Glaucium, Glycine, Gossypium, Haematococcus, Helianthus, Heterocallis, Hevea, Himanthalia, Hordeum, Hyoscyamus, Lactuca, Landolphia, Lemna, Linum, Litsea, Lolium, Lycopersicon, Lupinus, Majorana, Malus, Manihot, Medicago, Musa, Nicotiana, Odontella, Olea, Oryza, Palmaria, Panicum, Pannesetum, Papaver, Parthenium, Persea, Petunia, Phaseolus, Phleum, Phoenix, Picea, Pinus, Pistacia, Pisum, Poa, Populus sect., Porphyra, Prunus, Pseudotsuga Pyrus, Raphanus, Ricinus, Rosa, Rubus, Saccharum, Salix, Schizochytrium, Secale, Senecio, Sinapis, Solanum, Sorghum, Spinacia, Spirulina, Stephania, Triticum, Tagetes, Theobroma, Trifolium, Trigonella, Ulva, Undaria, Vaccinium, Vicia, Vigna, Vinca, Vitis, and Zea.
 21. The plant of claim 1, 3, or 5, wherein said plant is a species selected from Ananus comosus, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea, Bixa orellana, Calendula officinalis, Cinnamommum camphora, Coffea arabica, Glycine max, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium herbaceum, Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Mentha piperita, Mentha spicata, Musa paradisiaca, Oryza sativa, Parthenium argentatum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Solanum tuberosum, Theobroma cacao, Triticum aestivum, Vitis vinifera, and Zea mays.
 22. The plant of claim 1, 3, or 5, wherein said plant is selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, amaranth, apple, kidney beans, lima beans, dry beans, green beans, broccoli, cabbage, carrot, castor bean, chick peas, cherry, clover, coffee, cotton, cottonseed, crambe, eucalyptus, flax, grape, grapefruit, lemon, lentils, lettuce, linseed, mango, watermelon, cantaloupe, mustard, orange, peanut, peach, pear, peas, pepper, plum, poplar, potato, high erucic acid rapeseed, canola, safflower, sesame, soybean, spinach, strawberry, sugarbeet, sunflower, tea, tomato, banana, barley, date palm, field corn, garlic, millet, oat, oil palm, onion, pineapple, popcorn, rice, rye, sorghum, sudangrass, sugarcane, sweet corn, switchgrass, turf grasses, wheat, fir, pine, spruce, brown seaweeds, green seaweeds, red seaweeds, and microalgae. 